Documentation: Added kubeadm documentation #618 (#770)

* Documentation: Added kubeadm documentation #618

This getting started guide covers a simple deployment of kube-prometheus
and assumes you have deployed using kubeadm.

Hopefully this helps clears up #618

* Moved documentation to appropriate folder, updated links.

* Minor documentation editing

Fixed referneces to Alertmanager.
Slightly stronger wording on changing grafana user/pass

docs/kube-prometheus-on-kubeadm.md

+<br>
+<div class="alert alert-info" role="alert">
+    <i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle"></i><b> Note:</b> Starting with v0.12.0, Prometheus Operator requires use of Kubernetes v1.7.x and up.
+</div>
+
+# Kube Prometheus on Kubeadm
+
+The [kubeadm](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/create-cluster-kubeadm/) tool is linked by Kubernetes as the offical way to deploy and manage self-hosted clusters. Kubeadm does a lot of heavy lifting by automatically configuring your Kubernetes cluster with some common options. This guide is intended to show you how to deploy Prometheus, Prometheus Operator and Kube Prometheus to get you started monitoring your cluster that was deployed with Kubeadm.
+
+This guide assumes you have a basic understanding of how to use the functionality the Prometheus Operator implements. If you haven't yet, we recommend reading through the [getting started guide](getting-started.md) as well as the [alerting guide](../../../Documentation/user-guides/alerting.md).
+
+## Kubeadm Pre-requisites
+
+This guide assumes you have some familiarity with `kubeadm` or at least have deployed a cluster using `kubeadm`. By default, `kubeadm` does not expose two of the services that we will be monitoring. Therefore, in order to get the most out of the `kube-prometheus` package, we need to make some quick tweaks to the Kubernetes cluster. Since we will be monitoring the `kube-controller-manager` and `kube-scheduler`, we must expose them to the cluster.
+
+By default, `kubeadm` runs these pods on your master and bound to `127.0.0.1`. There are a couple of ways to change this. The recommended way to change these features is to use the [kubeadm config file](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/generated/kubeadm/#config-file). An example configuration file can be used:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1alpha1
+kind: MasterConfiguration
+api:
+  advertiseAddress: 192.168.1.173
+  bindPort: 6443
+authorizationModes:
+- Node
+- RBAC
+certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
+cloudProvider:
+etcd:
+  dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
+  endpoints: null
+imageRepository: gcr.io/google_containers
+kubernetesVersion: v1.8.3
+networking:
+  dnsDomain: cluster.local
+  serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
+nodeName: your-dev
+tokenTTL: 24h0m0s
+controllerManagerExtraArgs:
+  address: 0.0.0.0
+schedulerExtraArgs:
+  address: 0.0.0.0
+```
+
+Notice the `schedulerExtraArgs` and `controllerManagerExtraArgs`. This exposes the `kube-controller-manager` and `kube-scheduler` services to the rest of the cluster.
+
+In addition, we will be using `node-exporter` to monitor the `cAdvisor` service on all the nodes. This, however requires a change to the `kubelet` service on the master as well as all the nodes. According to the Kubernetes documentation
+
+> The kubeadm deb package ships with configuration for how the kubelet should be run. Note that the `kubeadm` CLI command will never touch this drop-in file. This drop-in file belongs to the kubeadm deb/rpm package.
+
+Again, we need to expose the `cadvisor` that is installed and managed by the `kubelet` daemon. To do so, we do the following on all the masters and nodes:
+
+```
+sed -e "/cadvisor-port=0/d" -i /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf
+systemctl daemon-reload
+systemctl restart kubelet
+```
+
+With these changes, your Kubernetes cluster is ready.
+
+## Metric Sources
+
+Monitoring a Kubernetes cluster with Prometheus is a natural choice as Kubernetes components themselves are instrumented with Prometheus metrics, therefore those components simply have to be discovered by Prometheus and most of the cluster is monitored.
+
+Metrics that are rather about cluster state than a single component's metrics is exposed by the add-on component [kube-state-metrics](https://github.com/kubernetes/kube-state-metrics).
+
+Additionally, to have an overview of cluster nodes' resources the Prometheus [node_exporter](https://github.com/prometheus/node_exporter) is used. The node_exporter allows monitoring a node's resources: CPU, memory and disk utilization and more.
+
+Once you complete this guide you will monitor the following:
+
+* cluster state via kube-state-metrics
+* nodes via the node_exporter
+* kubelets
+* apiserver
+* kube-scheduler
+* kube-controller-manager
+
+
+## Getting Up and Running Fast with Kube-Prometheus
+
+To help get started more quickly with monitoring Kubernetes clusters, [kube-prometheus](https://github.com/coreos/prometheus-operator/tree/master/contrib/kube-prometheus) was created. It is a collection of manifests including dashboards and alerting rules that can easily be deployed. It utilizes the Prometheus Operator and all the manifests demonstrated in [this guide](../../../Documentation/user-guides/cluster-monitoring.md).
+
+This section represent a quick installation and is not intended to teach you about all the components. The easiest way to get started is to clone this repository and use the `kube-prometheus` section of the code.
+
+```
+git clone https://github.com/coreos/prometheus-operator
+cd prometheus-operator/contrib/kube-prometheus/
+```
+
+First, create the namespace in which you want the monitoring tool suite to be running.
+
+```
+export NAMESPACE='monitoring'
+kubectl create namespace "$NAMESPACE"
+```
+
+Now we will create the components for the Prometheus operator
+
+```
+kubectl --namespace="$NAMESPACE" apply -f manifests/prometheus-operator
+```
+
+This will create all the Prometheus Operator components. You might need to wait a short amount of time before the Custom Resource Definitions are available in the cluster. You can wait for them:
+
+```
+until kubectl --namespace="$NAMESPACE" get alertmanagers.monitoring.coreos.com > /dev/null 2>&1; do sleep 1; printf "."; done
+```
+
+Next, we will install the node exporter and then kube-state-metrics:
+
+```
+kubectl --namespace="$NAMESPACE" apply -f manifests/node-exporter
+kubectl --namespace="$NAMESPACE" apply -f manifests/kube-state-metrics
+```
+
+Then, we can deploy the grafana credentials. By default, the username/password will be `admin/admin`, you should change these for your production clusters.
+
+```
+kubectl --namespace="$NAMESPACE" apply -f manifests/grafana/grafana-credentials.yaml
+```
+
+Then install grafana itself:
+
+```
+kubectl --namespace="$NAMESPACE" apply -f manifests/grafana
+```
+
+Next up is the `Prometheus` object itself. We will deploy the application, and then the roles/role-bindings.
+
+```
+find manifests/prometheus -type f ! -name prometheus-k8s-roles.yaml ! -name prometheus-k8s-role-bindings.yaml -exec kubectl --namespace "$NAMESPACE" apply -f {} \;
+kubectl apply -f manifests/prometheus/prometheus-k8s-roles.yaml
+kubectl apply -f manifests/prometheus/prometheus-k8s-role-bindings.yaml
+```
+
+Finally, install the [Alertmanager](../../../Documentation/user-guides/alerting.md)
+
+```
+kubectl --namespace="$NAMESPACE" apply -f manifests/alertmanager
+```
+
+Now you should have a working cluster. After all the pods are ready, you should be able to reach:
+
+* Prometheus UI on node port `30900`
+* Alertmanager UI on node port `30903`
+* Grafana on node port `30902`
+
+These can of course be changed via the Service definitions. It is recommended to look at the [Exposing Prometheus and Alert Manager](../../../Documentation/user-guides/exposing-prometheus-and-alertmanager.md) documentation for more detailed information on how to expose these services.