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    <h1 class="page-title">Tutorial: code-walkthrough</h1>

    <section>

<header>
    

    <h2>code-walkthrough</h2>
</header>

<article>
    <h1>High-level code walkthrough</h1>
<h2>Code inventory and testing strategy</h2>
<p>The Shields codebase is divided into several parts:</p>
<ol>
<li>The frontend (about 7% of the code)
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/frontend"><code>frontend</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The badge renderer (which is available as an npm package)
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/badge-maker"><code>badge-maker</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The base service classes (about 8% of the code, and probably the most important
code in the codebase)
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/core/base-service"><code>core/base-service</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The server code and a few related odds and ends
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/core/server"><code>core/server</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Helper code for token pooling and persistence (used to avoid GitHub rate limiting)
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/core/token-pooling"><code>core/token-pooling</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Service common helper functions (about 7% of the code, and fairly important
since it’s shared across much of the service code)
<ol>
<li><code>*.js</code> in the root of <a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/services"><code>services</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The services themselves (about 80% of the code)
<ol>
<li><code>*.js</code> in the folders of <a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/services"><code>services</code></a></li>
</ol>
    </li>
<li>The badge suggestion endpoint (Note: it's tested as if it’s a service.)
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/lib/suggest.js"><code>lib/suggest.js</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The tests are also divided into several parts:</p>
<ol>
<li>Unit and functional tests of the frontend
<ol>
<li><code>frontend/**/*.spec.js</code></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Unit and functional tests of the badge renderer
<ol>
<li><code>badge-maker/**/*.spec.js</code></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Unit and functional tests of the core code
<ol>
<li><code>core/**/*.spec.js</code></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Unit and functional tests of the service helper functions
<ol>
<li><code>services/*.spec.js</code></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Unit and functional tests of the service code (we have only a few of these)
<ol>
<li><code>services/*/**/*.spec.js</code></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The service tester and service test runner
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/core/service-test-runner"><code>core/service-test-runner</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/doc/service-tests.md">The service tests themselves</a> live integration tests of the
services, and some mocked tests
<ol>
<li><code>*.tester.js</code> in subfolders of <a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/tree/master/services"><code>services</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Integration tests of Redis-backed persistence code
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/core/token-pooling/redis-token-persistence.integration.js"><code>core/token-pooling/redis-token-persistence.integration.js</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Integration tests of the GitHub authorization code
<ol>
<li><a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/services/github/github-api-provider.integration.js"><code>services/github/github-api-provider.integration.js</code></a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Our goal is for the core code is to reach 100% coverage of the code in the
frontend, core, and service helper functions when the unit and functional
tests are run.</p>
<p>Our test strategy for the service code is a bit different. It’s primarily
based on live integration tests. That’s because service response formats can
change, and when they do the badges break. We want our tests to fail when this
happens. That way we can fix the problems proactively instead of waiting for
users to report them. There’s a good discussion about this decision in
<a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/issues/927">#927</a>. It’s acceptable to write mocked tests of logic that is
difficult to reach using live tests, however where possible, it’s preferred to
test this kind of logic through unit tests (e.g. of <code>render()</code> and
<code>transform()</code> functions).</p>
<h2>Server initialization</h2>
<ol>
    <li>
<p>The server entrypoint is <a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/server.js"><code>server.js</code></a> which sets up error
reporting, loads config, and creates an instance of the server.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Server, which is defined in
<a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/core/server/server.js"><code>core/server/server.js</code></a>, is based on the web
framework <a href="https://github.com/espadrine/sc">Scoutcamp</a>. It creates an http server, sets up helpers for
token persistence and monitoring. Then it loads all the services,
injecting dependencies as it asks each one to register its route
with Scoutcamp.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The service registration continues in <code>BaseService.register</code>. From its
<code>route</code> property, it derives a regular expression to match the route
path, and invokes <code>camp.route</code> with this value.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>At this point the situation gets gnarly and hard to follow. For the
purpose of initialization, suffice it to say that <code>camp.route</code> invokes a
callback with the four parameters <code>( queryParams, match, end, ask )</code> which
is created in a legacy helper function in
<a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/core/base-service/legacy-request-handler.js"><code>legacy-request-handler.js</code></a>. This callback
delegates to a callback in <code>BaseService.register</code> with four different
parameters <code>( queryParams, match, sendBadge, request )</code>, which
then runs <code>BaseService.invoke</code>. <code>BaseService.invoke</code> instantiates the
service and runs <code>BaseService#handle</code>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>Downstream caching</h2>
<ol>
<li>In production, the majority of requests are served from caches, including
the browser cache, GitHub’s camo proxy server, and other downstream caches.</li>
<li>The Shields servers sit behind the Cloudflare CDN. The CDN itself handles
about 40% of the HTTPS requests that come in.</li>
<li>The remaining requests are proxied to one of the servers.</li>
<li>See the <a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/doc/production-hosting.md">production hosting documentation</a> for a
fuller discussion of the production architecture.</li>
</ol>
<h2>How the server makes a badge</h2>
<ol>
<li>An HTTPS request arrives. Scoutcamp inspects the URL path and matches it
against the regexes for all the registered routes until it finds one that
matches. (See <em>Initialization</em> above for an explanation of how routes are
registered.)</li>
<li>Scoutcamp invokes a callback with the four parameters:
<code>( queryParams, match, end, ask )</code>. This callback is defined in
<a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/core/base-service/legacy-request-handler.js"><code>legacy-request-handler</code></a>. A timeout is set to
handle unresponsive service code and the next callback is invoked: the
legacy handler function.</li>
<li>The legacy handler function receives
<code>( queryParams, match, sendBadge, request )</code>. Its job is to extract data
from the regex <code>match</code> and <code>queryParams</code>, invoke <code>request</code> to fetch
whatever data it needs, and then invoke <code>sendBadge</code> with the result.</li>
<li>The implementation of this function is in <code>BaseService.register</code>. It
works by running <code>BaseService.invoke</code>, which instantiates the service,
injects more dependencies, and invokes <code>BaseService#handle</code> which is
implemented by the service subclass.</li>
<li>The job of <code>handle()</code>, which should be implemented by each service
subclass, is to return an object which partially describes a badge or
throw one of the handled error classes. &quot;Partially rendered&quot; most
commonly means a non-empty message and an optional color. In the case
of the Endpoint badge, it could include many other parameters. At the
time of writing the handled error classes were NotFound,
InvalidResponse, Inaccessible, InvalidParameter, and Deprecated.
Throwing any other error is a programmer error which will be
<a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/doc/production-hosting.md#error-reporting">reported</a> and described to the user as a <strong>shields
internal error</strong>.</li>
<li>A typical <code>handle()</code> function delegates to one or more helpers to
handle stages of the request:
    <ol>
<li><strong>fetch</strong>: load the needed data from the upstream service and
validate it</li>
<li><strong>transform</strong>: pluck, convert, or summarize the response format
into a few properties which will be displayed on the badge</li>
<li><strong>render</strong>: given a few properties, return a message, optional
color, and optional label.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>When an error is thrown, BaseService steps in and converts the error
object to renderable properties: <code>{ isError, message, color }</code>.</li>
<li>The service invokes <a href="https://github.com/badges/shields/blob/master/core/base-service/coalesce-badge.js"><code>coalesceBadge</code></a> whose job is to
coalesce query string overrides with values from the service and the
service’s defaults to produce an object that fully describes the badge to
be rendered.</li>
<li><code>sendBadge</code> is invoked with that object. It does some housekeeping on the
timeout. Then it renders the badge to svg or raster and pushes out the
result over the HTTPS connection.</li>
</ol>
</article>

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